Prediction of Rock Burst using the Method of Optimal Relative Membership Degree Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle

In the analysis of rock burst criterion prediction at home and abroad, the prediction standards of rock burst are selected including the conditions of mechanics、integrity、energy and brittle. The concept of relative membership degree on the rock burst prediction was introduced. The weight of standards and fuzzy matrix of relative membership degree are calculated. Uncertainty in rock burst prediction is described and compared according to the information entropy. Generalized weighted distance is also defined to characterize the differences in rock burst based on the maximum entropy principle, the establishment of a rock burst prediction fuzzy optimization model. The results from the application to practical example and comparisons with other methods are fairly good. Finally, the prediction model is applied in Putaoshan tunnel and the predictions are consistent with the actual rock burst.     

渤海矛尾复鰕虎鱼生殖力的研究

从渤海采集卵巢发育到Ⅳ和Ⅴ期的矛尾复鰕虎鱼32尾,采用重量法进行了生殖力的研究。结果表明:矛尾复鰕虎鱼为分批产卵类型,卵子呈卵圆型,卵径0.726mm±0.291mm;矛尾复鰕虎鱼的个体绝对生殖力为33 609±14 022粒,单位净体重生殖力为439.92±139.50粒/g,单位体长生殖力为1 176.08±227.08粒/mm。矛尾复鰕虎鱼个体绝对生殖力与体长、体宽、体重、净重、性腺重及肥满度相关关系密切,而与成熟系数相关关系不密切;体长相对生殖力与除成熟系数以外的其他生物学指标相关关系一般,与成熟系数相关关系不密切;净重相对生殖力与体长、体重、净重、性腺重、肥满度关系密切,与其他生物学指标相关性不强。     

城市化对麻雀数量与分布的影响——以北京为例

随着中国各地城市化进程的加快,城市中麻雀(Passer montanus)的生存可能受到食物和栖息地缺乏的影响.我们以北京为例研究了城市化对麻雀数量和分布的影响.结果表明:麻雀的丰富度与城市化分数呈显著负相关,高层居民区、商业中心以及主干道两侧的麻雀丰富度显著较低,而公园、校园、低层居民区以及城郊区的麻雀丰富度显著较高;50 m尺度内针叶树的数量和硬化地面积以及200 m尺度内高层建筑和植被面积是影响冬季麻雀分布的主要环境因子;50 m尺度内的低层建筑面积、针叶树数量、硬化地面积以及400 m尺度的高层建筑和植被面积是影响繁殖期麻雀分布的主要环境因子.以上结果表明尽管麻雀是一种适应人类环境的鸟类,然而高度城市化的区域不适合麻雀的栖息.我们建议将城市鸟类的栖息纳入未来的生态城市规划中.     

万佛山丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性分析

为探讨丹霞地貌区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性,通过对物种丰富度指数、物种相对多度模型、物种多样性指数和物种均匀度指数的测度,对区域内16个常绿阔叶林群落进行分析,并与中亚热带典型地区森林群落物种多样性比较。结果表明,万佛山常绿阔叶林群落具有较高的物种丰富度,物种多样性在层次中的变化趋势为灌层〉乔层〉草层;万佛山常绿阔叶林生物多样性在中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统中具有普遍的意义。     

不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落结构与多样性特征

以长白山不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,探讨了不同恢复时期(恢复20年、30年、70年和原始林)红松阔叶林群落的结构与多样性特征.结果表明:恢复70年的群落中乔木科、属、种特征与原始林相同,而恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林存在显著差异,物种多度分布曲线也显示了相同的特征.恢复70年的群落与原始林中的物种丰富度及多度随径级和高度级的分布形式相同,但恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林不同,并且缺少大径级和较高的树木.恢复30年的群落中乔木和灌木的物种丰富度最高,而恢复70年的群落则与原始林无显著差异,草本物种丰富度在原始林中最高.乔木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表现出与物种丰富度相同的大小关系,而灌木在4个不同恢复时期群落中无显著差异,草本则是恢复30年和原始林较高.恢复70年的群落与原始林相似性最高,而恢复20年的群落与原始林相似性最低.从群落的结构与多样性特征来看,恢复70年的群落结构与多样性特征已经接近原始林群落水平.     

Explaining conifer dominance in Afrotemperate forests: Shade tolerance favours Podocarpus latifolius over angiosperm species

We contrasted the regeneration success of angiosperm canopy species with that of Podocarpus latifolius to test whether this conifer was sufficiently shade tolerant to be favoured on infrequently disturbed and well-shaded sites. Seedling and sapling population structures were measured in several habitats representing a light gradient in warm temperate forest in the Drakenberg mountains of South Africa. The angiosperm-dominated forest was well-shaded (∼5.5% PAR) and lacked ground vegetation. Seedlings of angiosperm canopy species were abundant but the absence of saplings indicated regeneration failure. In contrast, P. latifolius was represented by all size classes beneath the intact canopy indicating continuous regeneration in angiosperm-dominated forest. Angiosperm regeneration was similarly poor in forest gaps, which were dominated by grasses, ferns and vines. P. latifolius entered the advanced regeneration in gaps by establishing in shade before gap formation. The floor of the Podocarpus-dominated forest was less shaded (∼7.5% PAR) than angiosperm-dominated forest and dominated by grass, which suppressed most conifer regeneration. Gaps in Podocarpus forest were more than double the size of gaps in angiosperm forest and dominated by vines and understorey shrubs. There was no clear winner of the angiosperm–conifer contest in Podocarpus forest gaps. Consequently, gaps maintain limited angiosperm diversity in Podocarpus forest. Angiosperm canopy species regenerated continuously in the high light (∼11.5% PAR) thicket environment. Few seedlings of P. latifolius were recorded in the thicket environment. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that shaded and infrequently disturbed forest sites favour shade-tolerant conifers over relatively light-demanding angiosperm species. The outcome of the competitive interaction between angiosperm and conifer at the regeneration phase depends on the relative shade-tolerance of associated species.     

基于ASI法的长江流域冬油菜区土壤有效磷、钾、硼丰缺指标研究

 【目的】为当前生产条件下长江流域油菜测土配方施肥技术的推广提供理论依据。【方法】2004-2006连续3个年度在长江流域10省布置油菜肥效田间试验,并用ASI法对基础土壤样品进行测试分析,以缺素区与推荐施肥区油菜籽相对产量＜60%,60%～75%,75%～90%,90%～95%和＞95%为标准,分别将土壤有效磷、钾和硼分成“严重缺乏”、“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”5级。【结果】长江流域油菜区土壤有效磷“严重缺乏”指标为＜5.5 mg P?L-1,“缺乏”指标为5.5～12.5 mg P?L-1,“轻度缺乏”指标为12.5～28.5 mg P?L-1,“适宜”指标为28.5～38.0 mg P?L-1,“丰富”指标为＞38.0 mg P?L-1;本研究没有建立土壤有效钾及有效硼的“严重缺乏”指标,土壤有效钾 “缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别是＜30 mg K?L-1、30～75 mg K?L-1、75～100 mg K?L-1和＞100 mg K?L-1;土壤有效硼“缺乏”、“轻度缺乏”、“适宜”和“丰富”的指标分别是＜0.25 mg B?L-1、0.25～0.95 mg B?L-1、0.95～1.50 mg B?L-1和＞1.50 mg B?L-1。【结论】在长江流域油菜主产区,运用ASI法测定的土壤有效磷、钾及硼含量高低分别与不施磷、不施钾及不施硼处理的油菜籽相对产量呈显著正相关关系,据此建立的土壤养分丰缺指标可以用来指导长江流域油菜的测土配方施肥工作。     

Does resource complementarity or prevention of lodging contribute to the increased productivity of rice varietal mixtures in Yunnan,China?

We conducted an experiment in Gejiu, Yunnan Province of China during the wet season of 2002 to examine the importance of resource complementarity and prevention of lodging in the fast-spreading practice of growing rice varietal mixtures in China to suppress rice blast disease and its associated damage. The hybrid rice variety Shanyou 63 and the glutinous or sticky rice variety Huangkenuo were used to study intra- and inter-varietal competition in the rice intercropping system. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in four replications with pure stands and mixtures of both varieties at different total planting densities and mixing ratios. In half of the pure stand treatments of glutinous rice a metal frame was installed to prevent lodging. The results showed that resource complementarity between the two rice varieties, resulting from niche differentiation, was marginal and did not greatly enhance the productivity of the rice varietal mixtures. In contrast, prevention of lodging of glutinous rice was identified as an important additional advantage of growing these rice varieties in mixture.     

Soil Quality Assessment under Restorative Soil Management Practices in Soybean (Glycine Max) after Six Years in Semi-Arid Tropical Black Lands of Central India

Vertisol soils of central India are heavy in texture, with high clay content and low organic matter. These soils are prone to degradation and the soil loss is due to poor management practices including excessive tillage. Based on a long-term study conducted for improving the quality of these soils, it was found that management practice such as low tillage (LT) + 4 t ha^?1 compost + herbicide (Hb) recorded significantly higher organic carbon (OC) (6.22 g kg^?1) and available N (188.5 kg ha^?1) compared to conventional tillage (CT) + recommended fertilizer (RF) + off-season tillage (OT) + hand weeding (HW) (OC: 4.71 g kg^?1, available nitrogen (N) (159.3 kg ha^?1). Among the physical soil quality parameters, mean weight diameter (MWD) was significantly higher under LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + Hb (0.59 mm). The practice of LT + 4 t ha^?1 straw + HW recorded significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (388.8 μg g^?1). The order of key indicators and their contribution towards soil quality was as follows: OC (29%) >, MBC (27%) > available zinc (Zn) (22%) > MWD (9%) > available boron (B) (8%), > dehydrogenase activity (DHA) (5%). The order of the best treatment which maintained soil quality index (SQI) values reasonably good (>1.5) was as follows: LT + 4t ha^?1 compost + HW (1.65) > LT + 4 t ha^?1 compost +Hb (1.60) > LT + 4t ha^?1 straw + HW (1.50). Hence, these treatments could be recommended to the farmers for maintaining higher soil quality in Vertisols under soybean system. Correlation studies revealed stronger relationship between key indicators like OC (R² = 0.627), MBC (R² = 0.884), available Zn (R² = 0.739) and DHA (R² = 0.604) with Relative Soil Quality Index (RSQI). The results of the present study would be highly useful to the researchers, farmers and land managers.     

小麦品种混播条件下条锈病发生、扩展研究

在田间分别设计6个小麦品种单播及其9个组合混播小区,研究条锈病在小麦混播群体中的发生、扩展情况及品种混播对条锈病的控制效果。结果表明,苗期品种混播小区发病中心的数量明显减少,条锈病发病中心越冬率达77.78%,单片病叶也可越冬。品种混播降低了条锈病传播距离,条锈病在各小区呈中心式分布。品种混播在孕穗期的相对防效为16.25%～58.89%,平均为35.31%。相对防效以"陕138"和"西农979"品种混播及"陕138"、"小偃22"和"西农889"品种混播最高,分别达58.89%和52.19%。品种混播对小麦条锈病有较好的控制效果,可作为生态防病措施之一。